Introduction Caused by mosquito-borne flavivirus, which is transmitted by Aedes aegypti & Aedes albopictus. 4 distinct serotypes: DEN-1, 2, 3 and 4 Each ep. of infection confer lifelong immunity towards the homologous serotype, but partial immunity towards other serotype. Secondary infection is a major risk factor for severe dengue due to antibody-dependent enhancement. Clinical course…
Definition Frailty is defined by the International Association & Gerontology and Geriatrics Frailty Consensus as : “A reduced strength & physiologic malfunctioning that increases an individual’s susceptibility to increased dependence, vulnerability, & death” It is more prevalent among females & its prevalence increases with age. However, frailty is not an inevitable consequence of aging, as…
When to call it a disorder? Characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotional regulation, or behaviour.Usually associated with distress or impairment in important areas of functioning (functional impairment).Duration also have to be taken into consideration. 🔍Screening tools DASS score Used for screening of depression, anxiety and stress. Once patient is suspected…
Risk category Women are generally evaluated for their risk of breast cancer, which helps determine the appropriate screening protocol. Risk category can be divided into: A. General population These are women with: B. Individuals with high risk of developing breast cancer 🚨 These are women who fulfilled any one of the below: This risk stratification…
Definition Persistent difficulty with sleep initiation, duration, consolidation, or quality that occurs despite adequate opportunity and circumstances for sleep, resulting in some form of daytime impairment. Neurotransmitters involved in sleep Understanding the different neurotransmitter involved can help us to understand the different pharmacological treatment. Sleep-inducing (inhibiting wakefulness): Adenosine, Nitric oxide, GABA Sleep-preventing (triggering wakefulness): Glutamate,…
Terminologies In recent years, there has been a shift in terminologies from Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) to Metabolic-dysfunction Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) and the latest Metabolic-dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) This shift in terminology is a reflect of the underlying pathophysiology whereby metabolic dysfunction has been shown to link with liver disease…