Definition Pathophysiology As seen above, acetylcholine plays a role in the pathophysiology in COPD and thus often time in the management of COPD we see the usage of SAMA or LAMA but not so in asthma management. Risk factors COPD develops through GETomics: the interaction between genetic background (G) and environmental risk factors (E) over…
This post outlines stable asthma management in two groups: children aged 6–11 years and those ≤5 years. Management of acute exacerbations will be covered in a separate post to ensure clarity and focus. Please note that the section on children aged 6–11 years (first page) is still based on the Malaysian CPG and GINA 2024 guidelines and will…
Community-acquired pneumonia refers to acute infection of the lung parenchyma with symptoms such as cough, fever, dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain. Evaluation includes clinical assessment and severity stratification, identification of risk factors and complications, and timely initiation of appropriate antibiotics, with decisions on outpatient care versus hospital referral guided by clinical status.
Acute exacerbation of asthma can cause severe breathlessness, wheeze, cough, and chest tightness, with measurable reductions in airflow. Rapid assessment and treatment with inhaled bronchodilators, systemic corticosteroids, and oxygen when indicated are vital to prevent deterioration. (Based on Malaysia CPG and GINA guideline)
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable respiratory symptoms including wheeze, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough, often with a fluctuating pattern. Diagnosis is supported by evidence of variable airflow limitation, while management focuses on inhaled therapy (especially inhaled corticosteroids), trigger avoidance, patient education and regular follow-up to optimize control and reduce exacerbation risk.