When to call it a disorder? Characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotional regulation, or behaviour.Usually associated with distress or impairment in important areas of functioning (functional impairment).Duration also have to be taken into consideration. 🔍Screening tools DASS score Used for screening of depression, anxiety and stress. Once patient is suspected…
Risk category Women are generally evaluated for their risk of breast cancer, which helps determine the appropriate screening protocol. Risk category can be divided into: A. General population These are women with: B. Individuals with high risk of developing breast cancer 🚨 These are women who fulfilled any one of the below: This risk stratification…
Definition Persistent difficulty with sleep initiation, duration, consolidation, or quality that occurs despite adequate opportunity and circumstances for sleep, resulting in some form of daytime impairment. Neurotransmitters involved in sleep Understanding the different neurotransmitter involved can help us to understand the different pharmacological treatment. Sleep-inducing (inhibiting wakefulness): Adenosine, Nitric oxide, GABA Sleep-preventing (triggering wakefulness): Glutamate,…
Terminologies In recent years, there has been a shift in terminologies from Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) to Metabolic-dysfunction Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) and the latest Metabolic-dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) This shift in terminology is a reflect of the underlying pathophysiology whereby metabolic dysfunction has been shown to link with liver disease…
Generally refers to those ≥ 18 years and < 40 years of age (though there may be some variation in regarding the age according to different guidelines) The ACC/AHA guidelines have lowered the diagnostic threshold of hypertension since their 2017 guidelines where BP above 130/80 are categorized as stage 1 and above 140/90 as stage…
Definition Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) Men & non-pregnant women with asymptomatic bacteriuria should not be started on antibiotics. Antibiotics should only be prescribed for ABU in 2 conditions: This is consistent with the EAU guidelines. Do not screen or treat ABU in the following conditions: Common organisms involved UTI risk factors General UTI symptoms The UK…
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram negative, flagellated, spiral bacteria that primarily colonizes the stomach and is largely responsible for gastric and or duodenal ulcers. It is also a class I carcinogen that may increase one’s risk of gastric carcinoma. Transmission of H. pylori is thought to be via fecal-oral, oral-oral and may include…
When to call it a disorder? Characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotional regulation, or behaviour.Usually associated with distress or impairment in important areas of functioning (functional impairment).Duration also have to be taken into consideration. 🔍Screening tools DASS score Used for screening of depression, anxiety and stress. Once patient is suspected…
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