Definition During this phase, erratic peaks in serum estradiol & progesterone can bring about a wide variation in cycles and flow. – Cycles may be initially shorter followed by longer intervals. – The flow may vary from prolonged spotting to heavy periods with clots. – As ovulation can be unpredictable, contraception is still required till…
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria (ABU) Definition: Bacterial monoculture ≥ 10⁵ CFU/ml in a single urine culture taken in women without UTI symptoms. ABU in pregnancy should be treated. Untreated ABU in pregnancy can lead to increased risk of symptomatic cystitis & acute pyelonephritis. Acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy is associated with adverse perinatal outcome including risk of premature…
Natural history of HPV infection & cervical cancer The primary causative agents for cervical cancer is Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), particularly the high-risk type – HPV-16 & HPV-18. The above graph shows the natural history of HPV infection & cervical cancer: Screening methods for cervical cancer Cytology Can be either: Recommended as the screening method…
Definition Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy (NVP) Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG) Both NVP & HG are thought to be associated with rising level of bhCG hormone. Risk factors Complications Assessment History Pregnancy Quantification of Emesis (PUQE) score Physical examination Differential diagnosis Investigations Biochemical Imaging USG: Management Mainly supportive. Aim: Admission criteria (to be referred for inpatient management) **…