Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) describes menstrual bleeding that deviates from normal patterns in volume, duration, frequency or regularity in non-pregnant women. Clinical assessment focuses on history, exclusion of pregnancy and identification of underlying structural or hormonal causes, with management tailored to cause, symptom severity and patient goals—ranging from medical therapy to targeted procedural intervention when indicated.
Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy characterised by new-onset hypertension after 20 weeks’ gestation with proteinuria and/or end-organ involvement. Early recognition, risk stratification and timely blood pressure control—alongside seizure prophylaxis and planned delivery when indicated—are critical to reducing maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.
Menopause marks the permanent cessation of menstruation after 12 months without a period, commonly preceded by the perimenopausal phase of hormonal fluctuation and irregular cycles. Clinical assessment focuses on history, symptom impact and exclusion of other causes, with management combining lifestyle measures and tailored menopausal hormonal therapy when appropriate to address vasomotor, genitourinary and long-term health concerns.
Urinary tract infection in pregnancy may present as asymptomatic bacteriuria, acute cystitis or pyelonephritis. If untreated, infection can lead to maternal complications and adverse outcomes. Timely treatment with appropriate antibiotics are therefore essential to reduce risks for both mother and fetus.
Cervical cancer screening is a preventive health test using pap smear and HPV testing to detect high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and early precancerous changes in cervical cells before they progress to invasive cancer. Regular screening at recommended intervals, together with appropriate follow-up, plays a key role in reducing cervical cancer incidence and mortality.
Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy commonly presents in early gestation with varying severity, ranging from mild self-limiting symptoms to hyperemesis gravidarum with dehydration and weight loss. Assessment focuses on excluding alternative causes and grading severity, with stepwise management from lifestyle measures to antiemetic therapy to prevent maternal complications.